Curcuma caesia Roxb. (black turmeric) is a perennial rhizomatous herb of the family Zingiberaceae, widely distributed in India and traditionally used by indigenous communities as a spice, food preservative, colouring agent, and therapeutic remedy for various ailments. Despite its rich ethnomedicinal background, scientific data pertaining to its pharmacological properties, drug-likeness, safety profile, and mechanistic attributes remain limited. The present study was therefore undertaken to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimitotic, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties of an aqueous rhizome extract of C. caesia. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of a wide spectrum of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, quinones, coumarins, proteins, and carbohydrates-suggesting a strong bioactive potential. Antioxidant activity assessed via the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated notable efficacy, with the extract exhibiting an IC₅₀ value of 0.9142 mg, indicating the presence of potent radical neutralizing compounds. Anti-inflammatory activity, evaluated by protein denaturation inhibition, resulted in an IC₅₀ of 0.605 mg, reflecting the extract ability to stabilize proteins under stress conditions. The antimitotic potential of the extract was analyzed using Allium cepa root meristem assays, which revealed dose-dependent inhibition of cell division. At a concentration of 250 µg, the extract showed a maximum of 51.42% inhibition, accompanied by a significant reduction of the mitotic index from 52.87 in the control group to 25.68. Cytotoxicity evaluation using MTT assays revealed selective toxicity, with an IC₅₀ of 112.5 µg in Vero (normal) cells and a markedly lower IC₅₀ of 9.36 µg in HeLa cervical cancer cells, indicating strong anticancer potential with minimal effects on normal cells. Overall, the findings highlight Curcuma caesia Roxb. as a promising source of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant and anticancer properties, warranting further investigation for therapeutic development.