This comprehensive review compares novel vaccine therapies to conventional treatments for diabetes management, examining efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and patient compliance. Conventional treatments (insulin, oral medications, lifestyle modifications) have limitations, such as hypoglycemic and decreased adherence. Vaccine therapies (T-cell targeted, peptide-based, DNA vaccines) demonstrate potential benefits, including improved glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and enhanced patient compliance. Comparative analysis reveals vaccine therapies exhibit comparable or superior efficacy to conventional treatments, with reduced adverse effects and improved quality of life. Cost-effectiveness analysis suggests long-term economic benefits. Patient compliance and satisfaction are higher with vaccine therapies. Future directions include personalized medicine, combination therapies, and potential prevention and reversal of diabetes. Emerging trends focus on novel antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems.

Keywords: Diabetes; Vaccine Therapies; Conventional Treatments; Glycemic Control; Personalized Medicine;